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Publication usually creates substantial practical limits on withdrawing an individual's contribution because findings have already entered the scholarly record. Researchers must distinguish stopping future uses of identifiable data from attempting to reverse analyses or publications already completed.
Read Guide →Research risk is not limited to physical injury. Learn how to identify possible harms, distinguish their probability from their severity, and judge whether exposing participants to them can be ethically justified.
Read Guide →DOIs, PMIDs, ISBNs, ISSNs, and ORCID iDs all identify different things. Learn which identifiers help you find, verify, distinguish, and manage research sources without treating them as interchangeable.
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