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A research gap is a claim about what the existing literature does not adequately know or explain, so it requires more than failing to find a paper in an initial search. Search broadly enough to test the proposed gap against alternative terminology, evidence, and explanations.
Read Guide →A reproducible search becomes necessary when literature retrieval is part of the research method or when important conclusions depend on what the search did and did not find. Reproducibility requires more than listing databases and keywords.
Read Guide →A practical step-by-step guide to searching the research literature effectively. Learn how to turn a research question into a reproducible search strategy, choose databases, find search terms, refine results, and document what you did.
Read Guide →A good research question is written to express what you want to know, not necessarily how a database stores that knowledge. Learn how to translate your question into searchable concepts without losing its meaning.
Read Guide →For systematic reviews, eligibility criteria should normally be defined before the formal search and study-selection process. Preliminary searching can still help you understand the literature and refine defensible criteria before they are finalized.
Read Guide →There is no universal five-year or ten-year rule for a literature search. Your date range should follow from the research question, history of the topic, eligibility criteria, and purpose of the search.
Read Guide →There is no universal number of years you should search backward. Learn when to search from database inception, when a historical cutoff is defensible, and why older literature can still matter.
Read Guide →Peer review can be useful when evaluating research, but restricting a literature search to peer-reviewed publications can exclude relevant evidence. Learn when broader searching matters and how to decide what should ultimately be included.
Read Guide →There is no universal number of databases that makes a literature search comprehensive. The right combination depends on your research question, disciplines, study types, and the unique coverage each source contributes.
Read Guide →Searching another database can uncover studies that other sources missed, but database count is not a measure of search quality. What matters is whether each additional source contributes relevant coverage.
Read Guide →Decide what would make a study relevant before the search results begin influencing your judgment. The criteria can sometimes be refined later, but relevance should follow the research question rather than the attractiveness of individual papers.
Read Guide →Study designs should usually be considered before a structured literature search, but the right designs depend on the question being asked. Deciding what evidence can answer the question is different from automatically filtering the database by study-design labels.
Read Guide →Define which populations can answer your question before a structured literature search, but do not assume every population characteristic must become a database restriction. Eligibility and retrieval are related but different decisions.
Read Guide →PubMed and MEDLINE are closely connected, but they are not the same thing. Learn what each contains, how MEDLINE fits inside PubMed, and why the distinction matters when searching biomedical literature.
Read Guide →Subject-specific and multidisciplinary databases serve different purposes in literature searching. Learn how their coverage, indexing, and search features differ and when your research may benefit from using one or both.
Read Guide →Google Scholar and Google search different information environments. Learn when Google Scholar is better for scholarly literature, when regular Google is more useful, and how researchers can use both strategically.
Read Guide →Scopus and Web of Science overlap substantially, but neither simply contains everything in the other. Their source selection, historical coverage, document types, and indexing decisions differ, which can affect both literature searches and citation analyses.
Read Guide →Running the same keywords in two research databases rarely produces identical results. Differences in coverage, indexing, search fields, syntax, query processing, and ranking can all change what you retrieve.
Read Guide →Your university library's main search box can be an excellent starting point for finding books, articles, and other resources, but it does not necessarily search everything your library provides. Learn when discovery systems are useful and when individual databases are the better choice.
Read Guide →Specialized databases can reveal literature, terminology, indexing, and document types that broad multidisciplinary databases may not capture as effectively. Learn when your research question warrants searching them.
Read Guide →Lacking access to Scopus, Web of Science, or another subscription database does not mean you cannot conduct a serious literature search. Learn how to identify suitable alternatives, use free scholarly resources, obtain articles legally, and report important limitations transparently.
Read Guide →Preprint servers can reveal recent research before journal publication, but preprints have usually not completed formal peer review. Learn when searching them adds value and how to use their findings responsibly.
Read Guide →Theses and dissertations can reveal detailed studies, emerging research, negative or unpublished findings, and extensive references that journal databases may miss. Whether you should search them depends on your research question and review methodology.
Read Guide →Trial registries can reveal ongoing, completed, terminated, and sometimes unpublished trials that journal databases may not identify. They are particularly important for systematic reviews of interventions and questions involving clinical trials.
Read Guide →Institutional repositories can expose theses, manuscripts, conference materials, reports, and other research outputs produced by a particular university or organization. They are especially useful when institutional affiliation or locally deposited material matters to your search.
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